What is covariance?

What is covariance?



Covariance is a measure of how much two variables change together; it is a measure of the strength of the correlation between two sets of variables. If the covariance of two variables is zero, the variables are uncorrelated. Note that uncorrelated variables are not necessarily independent, as correlation is only a measure of linear dependence.


Popular posts from this blog

After analyzing the model, your manager has informed that your regression model is suffering from multicollinearity. How would you check if he's true? Without losing any information, can you still build a better model?

After analyzing the model, your manager has informed that your regression model is suffering from multicollinearity. How would you check if he's true? Without losing any information, can you still build a better model? Answer: To check multicollinearity, we can create a correlation matrix to identify & remove variables having correlation above 75% (deciding a threshold is subjective). In addition, we can use calculate VIF (variance inflation factor) to check the presence of multicollinearity. VIF value <= 4 suggests no multicollinearity whereas a value of >= 10 implies serious multicollinearity. Also, we can use tolerance as an indicator of multicollinearity. But, removing correlated variables might lead to loss of information. In order to retain those variables, we can use penalized regression models like ridge or lasso regression. Also, we can add some random noise in correlated variable so that the variables become different from each other. But, adding noise m...
Read more

Is rotation necessary in PCA? If yes, Why? What will happen if you don't rotate the components?

Is rotation necessary in PCA? If yes, Why? What will happen if you don't rotate the components? Answer: Yes, rotation (orthogonal) is necessary because it maximizes the difference between variance captured by the component. This makes the components easier to interpret. Not to forget, that's the motive of doing PCA where, we aim to select fewer components (than features) which can explain the maximum variance in the data set. By doing rotation, the relative location of the components doesn't change, it only changes the actual coordinates of the points. If we don't rotate the components, the effect of PCA will diminish and we'll have to select more number of components to explain variance in the data set.
Read more

What does Latency mean?

What does Latency mean? Latency is a networking term to describe the total time it takes a data packet to travel from one node to another. In other contexts, when a data packet is transmitted and returned back to its source, the total time for the round trip is known as latency. Latency refers to time interval or delay when a system component is waiting for another system component to do something. This duration of time is called latency.
Read more